基于AquaCrop模型的夏玉米生长模拟及灌溉制度优化

为评价AquaCrop模型在关中地区的适用性并寻求最佳的灌溉制度，对夏玉米在不同灌溉与施氮水平下的生长进行模拟和验证，并利用校验后的模型研究了3种不同降雨年型以及11种灌溉模式下夏玉米产量和水分利用效率的变化特征。结果表明：AquaCrop模型可以较好地模拟关中地区不同灌溉与施氮水平下夏玉米产量和生物量，模型模拟的产量与实测值之间的决定系数（R²）、均方根误差（RMSE）、标准均方根误差（NRMSE）、符合度指数（d）和纳什效率系数（E_NS）分别为0.919、0.249 t·hm^-2、4.112、0.977和0.915；对于地上部生物量，模拟值与实测值的R²、RMSE、NRMSE、d和E_NS分别为0.860、0.977 t·hm^-2、6.407、0.933和0.694。利用校验后的模型分析了试验区内3种不同降水年型条件下11种灌溉模式的夏玉米产量和水分利用效率的变化特征，依据模拟结果及夏玉米生理需水规律，同时为了实现高产和高水分利用效率，得出不同年型的优化灌溉制度为：若能保证出苗整齐，湿润年可不灌水，此时也能获得较高产量和水分利用效率；平水年推荐在拔节期灌水60 mm，能节约50%水资源，亦能保证稳产；干旱年推荐在拔节期和抽雄期各灌水60 mm，可获得高产和高水分利用效率。     

Hydrological and water cycle processes of inland river basins in the arid region of Northwest China

The increasing shortage in water resources is a key factor affecting sustainable socio-economic development in the arid region of Northwest China(ARNC). Water shortages also affect the stability of the region's oasis ecosystem. This paper summarizes the hydrological processes and water cycle of inland river basins in the ARNC, focusing on the following aspects: the spatial-temporal features of water resources(including air water vapor resources, runoff, and glacial meltwater) and their driving forces; the characteristics of streamflow composition in the inland river basins; the characteristics and main controlling factors of baseflow in the inland rivers; and anticipated future changes in hydrological processes and water resources. The results indicate that:(1) although the runoff in most inland rivers in the ARNC showed a significant increasing trend, both the glaciated area and glacial ice reserves have been reduced in the mountains;(2) snow melt and glacier melt are extremely important hydrological processes in the ARNC, especially in the Kunlun and Tianshan mountains;(3) baseflow in the inland rivers of the ARNC is the result of climate change and human activities, with the main driving factors being the reduction in forest area and the over-exploitation and utilization of groundwater in the river basins; and(4) the contradictions among water resources, ecology and economy will further increase in the future. The findings of this study might also help strengthen the ecological, economic and social sustainable development in the study region.     

Abrupt temperature change and a warming hiatus from 1951 to 2014 in Inner Mongolia,China

An abrupt temperature change and a warming hiatus have strongly influenced the global climate.This study focused on these changes in Inner Mongolia, China. This study used the central clustering method, Mann-Kendall mutation test and other methods to explore the abrupt temperature change and warming hiatus in three different temperature zones of the study region based on average annual data series.Among the temperature metrics investigated, average minimum temperature(Tnav) shifted the earliest,followed by average temperature(Tnv) and average maximum temperature(Txav). The latest change was observed in summer(1990 s), whereas the earliest was observed in winter(1970 s). Before and after the abrupt temperature change, Tnav fluctuated considerably, whereas there was only a slight change in Txav.Before and after the abrupt temperature change, the winter temperature changed more dramatically than the summer temperature. Before the abrupt temperature change, Tnav in the central region(0.322°C/10 a)and west region(0.48°C/10 a) contributed the most to the increasing temperatures. After the abrupt temperature change, Tnav in winter in the central region(0.519°C/10 a) and in autumn in the west region(0.729°C/10 a) contributed the most to the temperature increases. Overall, in the years in which temperature shifts occurred early, a warming hiatus also appeared early. The three temperature metrics in spring(1991)in the east region were the first to exhibit a warming hiatus. In the east region, Txav displayed the lowest rate of increase(0.412°C/a) in the period after the abrupt temperature change and before the warming hiatus,and the highest rate of increase after the warming hiatus.     

福建黄兔线粒体基因组全序列测定与分析

福建黄兔是中国优良的小型兼用品种，从线粒体水平分析福建黄兔在兔形目动物中的系统发育地位，对探究其起源、进化和种群分类具有重要意义。利用PCR高保真扩增技术和生物信息学软件对福建黄兔线粒体基因组进行获取、拼接与注释。结果发现福建黄兔线粒体基因组全长17 000 bp(Genbank No.MN518689)，主要包括tRNA基因（22个）、rRNA基因（2个）、蛋白编码基因（13个）和控制区（1个）4 部分，基因排列紧密。除控制区，共存在37个编码基因，有9个基因由轻链（L链）编码，其余28个编码基因均由重链（H链）编码。22个tRNA基因中，除 tRNA-Ser(AGY)基因由于缺失DHU臂不能形成三叶草结构外，其余21种tRNA基因均可折叠形成经典的三叶草结构。控制区含有3种结构域：延长终止序列区（ETAS1和ETAS2）、中央保守区、保守序列区（CSB1、CSB2和CSB3），其中，CSB1和CSB2间存在200 bp的短重复序列，CSB3和tRNA-Phe间存在306 bp的长重复序列。基于线粒体基因组控制区序列构建10 种兔形目动物的系统进化树，结果表明福建黄兔起源于穴兔，支持将福建黄兔划归为穴兔属。     

奶牛乳脂性状候选基因EEF1D突变位点功能分析

提高乳脂含量、提升奶质已成为当前奶牛业研究的重点方向之一。前期经GWAS方法研究发现,EEF1D基因5'非翻译区(5'-UTR)的G/A突变与乳脂率极显著相关,为了进一步对候选基因EEF1D的突变位点进行功能分析,首先通过人工合成获得了EEF1D基因突变型与野生型片段,并在细胞水平上对其开展了功能验证实验。研究发现,EEF1D基因5'-UTR的G/A突变引起Sp3转录起始位点后移33 bp,并且突变型的活性大约是野生型的3倍。研究结果表明,该突变可改变转录因子的转录起始位点,从而使EEF1D的表达上调。     

黄土丘陵区不同土地类型下土壤养分特征—基于生态化学计量学

为探讨黄土丘陵区不同土地类型下土壤有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）、全磷（TP）含量特征，本研究以黄土丘陵区典型小麦地、云杉林地、苜蓿地为对象，基于实测数据，采用方差、相关统计分析，研究不同土地类型、不同土层深度（0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~40 cm、40~60 cm、60~80 cm、80~100 cm）土壤SOC、TN、TP含量及其化学计量比。结果表明：3种不同土地类型土壤SOC、TN和TP含量均随土层深度增加而降低，其平均含量分别为12.19、0.33和0.48 g·kg^-1，小麦地和苜蓿地土壤SOC、TN和TP空间变异性较云杉林地偏大。SOC、TN含量为云杉林地>小麦地>苜蓿地，TP含量为云杉林地>苜蓿地>小麦地。土壤SOC、TN和TP间均存在显著正相关关系。小麦地C/P显著（P<0.05）高出苜蓿地41.96%，N/P显著高出云杉林地、苜蓿地28.57%、36.19%。3种不同土地类型土壤化学计量比（C/N、C/P、N/P）均值分别为：39.61、31.53、0.83，且其C/N大于中国平均值（12.3），C/P、N/P较全国平均值（61.0、5.2）明显偏小，黄土丘陵区C/N较稳定。土地类型对土壤C、N、P含量及其化学计量比存在不同程度的影响，合理调整土地利用结构有助于土壤养分的存留，有利于土壤生态的恢复。     

高寒地区苦荞农艺性状及生产性能评价

为探索不同地区苦荞在高寒地区的农艺性状及生产性能,采用多重比较及聚类分析法分析了7个地区13种苦荞的农艺性状及生产性能。结果表明不同地区苦荞的农艺性状及生产性能差异显著(P0.05),云苦荞2号和晋苦荞2号的农艺性状及生产性能优于其他品种;聚类分析将13个荞麦样品分成2组,在一定程度上体现了荞麦资源的道地性特征,反映了不同苦荞品种的农艺性状及生产性能与亲缘关系之间有一定的联系。     

Relationship between three novel SNPs of BRCA1 and canine mammary tumors

The BRCA1 gene plays an important role in the development of human breast cancer, and recent research indicated that genetic variations of BRCA1 are also related to canine mammary tumors (CMTs). Here, using rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE), we cloned the 5′- and 3′-UTRs of BRCA1. By direct sequencing of the flanking sequences of the 5′- and 3′-UTRs of BRCA1, three previously unreported single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified, two (−1228T >C, −1173C >T) in the putative promoter regions and one non-synonymous SNP (63449G >A) in exon 23. Compared with 16 normal samples, the sequences from 34 CMTs suggested that SNP (−1173C >T) was associated with the development of CMTs (odds ratio (OR)=2.57, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.07–6.15).     

西藏日喀则地区马铃薯气候适宜度模型分析及其时空变化特征研究

基于日喀则地区7个国家气象站1980—2021年逐日气象数据,分析构建了高原马铃薯气温(T)、光照(S)、水分(W)、气候(C)适宜度评价模型并对其时空变化特征进行分析,结果发现：近42年日喀则地区S平均值为0.82,呈逐年弱下降趋势,T、W、C适宜度平均值分别为0.79、0.64、0.61,均呈逐年上升趋势;马铃薯全生育期的光热资源都在最合理区域(S、T≥0.7),满足了其长发育需求。W在播种～出苗期(W=0.62)、开花～成熟期(W=0.44)呈现较低水平,是制约日喀则地区马铃薯生长发育的最主要因素;T、S空间分布较均匀,且呈现自西向东、自南北向中递增趋势,W空间分布不均匀。桑珠孜区—南木林县一带地区为马铃薯综合气候适宜度高值区(C>0.6),适宜大力发展马铃薯产业。由本文建立的日尺度气候适宜度评价模型得出的年际变化和区域特征结果与实际情况比较一致,为了解气候变化下日喀则马铃薯生长发育适宜度的时空变化提供依据。